TP53 and breast cancer: Huang et al. (2013) confirmed in breast cancer, liver cancer and other cells that Nano-Se can trigger the overproduction of intracellular peroxides, thereby activating the p53 and MAPKs pathways, and promoting cell apoptosis. In addition, in animal experiments, they found that Nano se suppressed tumor growth via induction of apoptosis mediated by p53. Jiang et al. (2014) also found similar findings, that is, Nano-Se can cause glioma cytotoxicity by activating a variety of apoptosis signaling pathways, thereby exerting an anti-cancer effect.