TNF and neoplasm: In supernatants derived from RANK+/+ tumor acini, many cytokines were upregulated including stromal cell-derived factor-1α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, interleukin (IL)-1α, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-13, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-10, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-1β (Supplementary Data 5 and Fig. 3a).