TXNIP was identified (and named) due to its interaction and inhibition of the key antioxidant proteins thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) and thioredoxin-2 (TRX2) [19,20,21], but more recent findings identified properties involved in cellular metabolism and transcription regulation [22], apoptosis and cell death [13], inflammation [23], and tumor suppression [11,24] that might not be directly related to the modulation of TRX and oxidative stress. The gene discussed is TXNIP; the disease is neoplasm.