LTF and viral infectious disease: Carvalho et al. assayed the effect of bLf on the infection of Vero cells by these viruses, showing that Lf had a pronounced antiviral effect for both viruses, mostly exerted at a pre-entry step in viral infection (presumably binding/entry), but the protein also affected a postentry step in this process (presumably production/exit); however, since the treatment of viral particles with bLf before infection did not significantly affect their infectivity, the antiviral effect was not due to direct interaction with the viral particles.