AFP and testicular cancer: MUC-1 (CA15-3/CA27.29) [21] and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) [22] have been reported as biomarkers for beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (Beta-hCG); breast cancer; [23] testicular cancer; alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) [24] for liver cancer and germ cell tumors.