TNF and injury: RVX protective effects were shown also in a rat model of brain ischemia/reperfusion injury where it reduced VCAM-1 protein expression, macrophage activation, and thrombin mediated thrombus formation [26], and also in pressure overload-induced atrial remodeling with transverse aortic constriction mice model where a reduced macrophage infiltration associated to a decreased expression of MCP-1, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α was observed [21].