We further characterized the 127-hi memory cells from patients with T1D by quantifying the relative frequency of pre-Th2 (CXCR5–CXCR3–CCR4+) and pre-Th1 (CXCR5–CXCR3+CCR4–) cells and comparing these frequencies with CD25– and total CD4+ memory T cells. The gene discussed is CXCR3; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.