MANF and diabetes mellitus: In addition to diabetes mellitus, cytoprotective effects of MANF have also been shown in animal models of Parkinson disease, ischemia, and retinal neurodegenerative diseases (Airavaara et al., 2009; Glembotski et al., 2012; Lu et al., 2018; Neves et al., 2016; Voutilainen et al., 2009).