TNF and Parkinson disease: In other studies, RSV treatment significantly reduced glial activation and decreased the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the brain tissue through upregulating the SOCS1 protein expression in a 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine- (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model (Lofrumento et al., 2014 ▶) and decreased the immune response of LPS-stimulated macrophages via the SOCS1 pathway (Ma et al., 2017 ▶).