MAP2K1 and prostate carcinoma: In prostate cancer, a serum protein complex composed of native α2-M and prostate-specific antigen was shown to bind GRP78, resulting in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1/2 (MEK1/2), ERK1/2, S6K, and Akt pro-survival pathways and the increase of DNA and protein synthesis146,147.