TNF and prostate carcinoma: The suppression of proliferation mediated by prostate cancer-infiltrating MSCs was dose-dependent, and the expressions of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and programmed cell death ligand 2 (PD-L2) were upregulated on T cells in the presence of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)24.