FOXO3 and cancer: The mammalian target of rapamycin activity, cancer stem cell phenotype, DNA damage-induced p53 activity, reactive oxygen species, and turnover of FOXO3A might contribute to autophagy-mediated drug resistance in human cancers.41 An increasing number of studies provides rational evidence on combining cancer therapeutic approaches with autophagy inhibitors, including CQ and other targeted small molecule inhibitors for better therapeutic efficacy.