Deposition of ECM components—in particular, fibrillar collagen and fibronectin—by CAFs in the tumour stroma can result in the formation of a physical barrier to immune cell infiltration.4,8 In addition, CAFs release large amounts of growth factors and proinflammatory cytokines that recruit immunosuppressive cells into the tumour stroma and thereby promote immune evasion.4,9. This evidence concerns the gene FN1 and neoplasm.