CD8A and neoplasm: CAFs are the most abundant cell population in the TME and restrict the infiltration of CD8+ cells into tumour tissue, and nintedanib possesses antifibrotic activity.4,12,14,24 These previous findings and our results showing that nintedanib increased the number of CD8+ TILs in B16-F10 tumours suggested that nintedanib might promote the antitumour immune response by targeting CAFs.