Nlrp3 and IL-1β61–64, which are inflammasome-related molecules; IL-17, which mediates innate and acquired immunity related to AMD, as reported both in animals65,66 and humans67–69; IL-33, which amplifies the innate immune response and attacks the RPE70; TNF-α, which regulates the transcription of Nlrp371; and VEGF, which can be directly associated with the development of late AMD with choroidal neovascularization72, were upregulated by the HFD (Fig. 3g). Here, TNF is linked to age-related macular degeneration.