CD274 and neoplasm: While there is evidence that low dose irradiation can promote formation of a pro-immunogenic tumor environment8, several preclinical investigations have suggested hypofractionation with subablative doses up to 8 Gy9–13, as well as ablative single doses up to 60 Gy11,14–16, to be most effective in inducing inflammatory stimuli and concomitant immune responses, particularly when combined with antibody administration against PD-L1 and/or CTLA-417.