Plasma cytokine dosage showed that the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα, but also CCL2 and CCL4 chemokines was significantly lower in the immunized compared to the CONT cows at the acute phase (12 hpi), indicating a lower inflammatory response upon infection in the IM and IMM groups (Supplementary Fig. 3). This evidence concerns the gene IL1B and infection.