TNF and HIV-1 infection: A recently published study (while the manuscript was in preparation) described a new cellular platform that consists of iPSC-derived microglia, neurons, and astrocyte tri-cultures (63) and showed that HIV-1 infection of iPSC-microglia in isolation or in tri-cultures resulted in production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).