This suggests that H-IPSE is either not involved in potential enhanced vulnerability of patients with urogenital schistosomiasis to bacterial urinary tract co-infection or that it works in concert with additional immunomodulatory factors produced by S. haematobium. H-IPSE’s apparent lack of toxicity and ability to alleviate UTI-triggered bladder inflammation and edema indicates that it may be suitable for continued development as a potential therapeutic for bladder inflammatory disorders. Here, FUT1 is linked to bacterial urinary tract infection.