TNF and Alzheimer disease: Neflamapimod (or VX-745), a p38-MAPK inhibitor involved in formation of tangles and in microglial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as TNFα and IL-1β, has recently shown positive effects on cognition in two open label phase 2 trials in mild AD [258], while a bigger randomized and blinded phase 2 trial was negative, and a fourth phase 2 trial is currently ongoing (Table 3), (Figure 2, label 14).