IL1A and inflammatory bowel disease: We found that DA microbes between IL-1α-deficient and WT mice on day 8 after DSS-treatment are significantly enriched for many interleukins (ILs), including IL13, IL4 and IL5 (Fig. 4; Table S3), suggesting some of the DA microbes in response to IL-1α-deficiency may be associated with the productions of those other ILs, which forms a cascade to de-sensitize the inflammatory response in the gut, thus making it less prone to IBD such as colitis.