INS and Insulin resistance: In brief, in addition to the increased blood pressure, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell secretion (HOMA-β) in the GDM groups in the second trimester, GDM patients in both the second and third trimesters had higher previous history of GDM, family history of diabetes, HbA1c, fasting, 1-h and 2-h glucose levels and greater area under curve of glucose (AUCG) values than did the normal controls (all P < 0.05) (Table 1).