TNF and Alzheimer disease: Administration of copper chelator (tetrathiomolybdate) to APP/presenilin1 (PS1) transgenic animals, an animal model of AD, significantly reduced the typical features of inflammation, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, and tumor necrosis factor protein (TNF-α) levels in the brains of AD and AD mice microglia, preventing activation of signaling by nuclear factor κB (NFκB) upon stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) [174,175].