IFNG and irritable bowel syndrome: The gluten challenge (four slices of gluten-containing bread daily for 3 days) increased the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ only in the intestinal mucosa of patients with NCGS [70]; interestingly, a role for IFN-γ was also reported in mucosal biopsies of patients with IBS [71], suggesting that this immunological profile represents a non-specific response for NCGS and rather a common immunological pathway involved in different gastrointestinal disorders.