ITGA4 and autoimmune disease: The adhesion molecules very late antigen-4 (VLA-4), a heterodimer of the α4 (CD49d) and the ß1 (CD29) integrins, and, to a lesser degree, LPAM-1 (α4/ß7) have been identified as exquisite targets for immune modulation in a number of autoimmune disease models [11,12,13,14], as well as in select clinical indications, namely refractory multiple sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) [15,16,17].