NFE2L2 and infection: Infection by IVA is accompanied by ROS generation which is correlates with the activation of PI3K/Akt and the downstream cascade of toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and decreasing the activity of Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.