Previous results showed the expression of VPAC1 and VPAC2 in PBMCs from EA patients during the clinical follow-up and reported that VPAC1 /VPAC2 mRNA ratio was lower in the early stages of the disease, moreover, the expression of VPAC1 increased considerably whereas the VPAC2 expression decreased after the 2-year follow-up [22,27]. The gene discussed is VIPR1; the disease is Esophageal atresia.