Interestingly, early preclinical in-vivo studies of adaptive therapy in OVCAR xenografts treated with carboplatin, and in MDA-MB-231/luc triple-negative and MCF7 estrogen receptor–positive (ER+) breast cancers treated with paclitaxel showed the ability to stabilize tumor volume, though the underlying subpopulations were not explicitly measured [32, 33]. This evidence concerns the gene ESR1 and neoplasm.