Interestingly, the dehydrogenases most affected by CKD (PDH, BCKDH, AKGDH) all have similar structural characteristics including 3 catalytic components — E1, E2, and E3 — and require coenzymes thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme A, and NAD+ for the reaction to be catalyzed. This evidence concerns the gene PPM1K and chronic kidney disease.