Hepatic mRNA levels of FXR, as shown previously (5), and BRD4 were significantly reduced in PBC patients compared with healthy individuals, whereas those of inflammatory genes, IL6 and IL6RA, and fibrotic genes, ACTA2 and COL1A1, were all substantially elevated in the patients (Figure 8, A and B). Here, COL1A1 is linked to primary biliary cholangitis.