TGFB1 and Cowden syndrome 1: The most common reported CS syndromes have a high frequency of CS and are caused by genes acting in signalling pathways important for the development of the cranial sutures, mostly associated with osteogenic differentiation of stem cells (FGF/FGFR, Eph/Ephrin, TGFbeta/BMP, WNT) [27, 28].