IFNA1 and neoplasm: On the one hand, IFN exerts an anti-tumour effect, suppresses tumour proliferation, and perform immune elimination by activating cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs), dendritic cells (DCS) and other immune cells [88]; On the other hand, IFN-γ upregulates PD-L1 and cause programmed death of immune cells, which enables tumour cells to escape the destructive effect of the immune system, resulting in anti-tumour treatment tolerance [89].