EVs derived from NB cell lines have been demonstrated to affect BM-MSCs: they stimulated the secretion of tumor-supportive cytokines and chemokines from BM-MSCs in vitro, most notably IL-6, IL-8/CXCL8, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and CCL2/MCP-1 [129] (Fig. 2A). Here, VEGFA is linked to neuroblastoma.