INSR and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Recently, a high fat and sugar diet (HFSD) with the administration of STZ was suggested to establish a T2DM rat model, and it has been reported to be a better, and true mechanism of T2DM pathogenesis given the numerous alterations of protein expression in the INSR/PI3K/AKT pathway and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α [34,60].