We next considered the possibility that signaling through inflammatory pathways might contribute to the tumor-promoting effect of the GFAP+ enteric glia, as enteric glia can respond to inflammatory molecules such as lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-6 (17, 19, 35, 36) and can demonstrate signaling in these pathways following DSS treatment. The gene discussed is GFAP; the disease is neoplasm.