SMAD7 and neoplasm: For example, Smad7 retains the NF-κB inhibitor alpha (IκBα) expression; inhibits NF-κB-activated genes such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 1 beta (IL1β), and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1); and thereafter plays an anti-inflammatory role in several tumour cell lines [12, 13].