NPPB and heart failure: Several factors are thought to be predictors of latent AF in CS: increased age (18–21), hypertension (19), diabetes mellitus (19), heart failure (19), higher CHADS2 score (14), higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score (24), cortical or cerebellar infarcts (25), higher BNP or NT-proBNP levels (16, 22), frequent PACs (15) and atrial run on Holter electrocardiogram (26), and larger LAD on echocardiography (17, 21).