For instance, caspase-3 must cleave the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in bone marrow stromal cell exosomes before they can be uptaken by myeloma and lymphoma cells, where the exosomes’ pro-apoptotic content paradoxically contributes to cell growth and proliferation (Vardaki et al., 2016). The gene discussed is CASP3; the disease is lymphoma.