KRAS and neoplasm: There are several known prognostic factors associated with CRC, including the side of the colon on which the tumour is located, mutational status of driver genes (such as KRAS and BRAF), epigenetic modifications, genomic instability and DNA mismatch repair status (due to mutations in MLH1, MLH3, MSH2, MSH3, MSH6 and PSM2) [267].