KEAP1 and neoplasm: Rather, this unexpectedly high incidence of NRF2 upregulation may be due to altered expression of microRNAs (miRs) that target NFE2L2 and KEAP1 expression; these are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that can regulate gene expression by altering translation or stability of a target through directly binding to the 3′-untranslated region (UTR) or coding region, and can, therefore, regulate gene expression and tumour progression by functioning as tumour suppressors/oncogenes [237].