Interestingly, the vinyl carbamate-initiated lung adenocarcinomas in Nrf2-ko mice were found to be larger than those in wildtype mice and were characterized by infiltration of tumour-promoting immune cells as evidenced by overexpression of genes for cytokines and antigen presentation, including Csf1, Cxcl1, Cxcl12 and Ccl9 [104]. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL12 and lung adenocarcinoma.