To date, several groups have demonstrated the effects and underlying mechanisms of MSCs pre-treated with inflammatory stimulants such as IFN-γ, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) and IL-25 [43,44,45,46], and even one case report documented a clinical trial of IFN-γ-primed BM-MSCs in a patient with childhood-onset and multidrug-resistant IBD, but no remarkable clinical benefit was achieved [47]. Here, IL25 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.