In contrast to previous findings in individuals with and without NAFLD, total amino acids did not correlate with glucagon, liver fat or insulin resistance in our cohort of women with low levels of liver fat (ESM Table 2) and the association of a glucagon–total amino acid index was not superior to the glucagon–alanine index or the glucagon–glutamate index. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.