IFNA1 and COVID-19: However, although expression of ISG was shown to be increased in the respiratory tract of COVID-19 patients (Zhou et al. 2020) and IFN signaling was shown to be upregulated in ﻿primary ﻿human lung epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV-2 (Mulay et al. 2020), the kinetics of IFN activation in the disease remains controversial (Acharya et al. 2020), as the same responses were not observed in infected primary cultures of dendritic cells and macrophages, for example (Yang D et al. 2020).