INS and Insulin resistance: Figure 3 shows insulin resistance in diabetic complications, AGE–RAGE signaling, and signaling pathways associated with endocrine diseases, including thyroid hormone signaling. A total of 69 signal pathways were identified based on P < 0.05. Furthermore, a mechanism diagram was constructed with three signal pathways: AGE–RAGE signal transduction, insulin signal transduction pathway, and the insulin resistance signal (Supplementary Figure 2).