INS and Hyperglycemia: There is growing evidence showing the long-term effects of diabetes on the brain and that it manifests at a structural, neurophysiological, and neuropsychological level, and multiple pathogenic factors appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral dysfunction in diabetes, such as episodes of hypoglycemia, cerebrovascular alterations, the role of insulin in the brain, and the involvement of hyperglycemia-induced impairments [26–28].