Besides acetic acid as the major substance, caffeoylsophorose has an α-glucosidase-inhibitory function and a reductive effect on blood glucose53, while ferulic acid54,55 and syringic acid56,57 suppressed obesity-associated metabolism through reductions in lipogenesis (TG production), fat accumulation (body, hepatic), reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, serum lipids (TC, TG, LDL), and serum inflammation (IL-6, TNF- α) or an increase in lipolysis (glycerol release). Here, TNF is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.