In addition, the IL-6:IL-10 and TNF-α:IL-10 ratios were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients as compared to non-COVID-19 patients (p = 0.0042 and p = 0.0001, respectively), driven by lower IL-6 and TNF-α levels in COVID-19 patients with similar levels of IL-10 between groups (Fig. 2e–f). Here, TNF is linked to COVID-19.