In case of non-treatment studies, 2 biomarkers (CDK1 and PCNA) out of 16, do not have prognostic capability of differentiating between high-expression and low-expression groups of cancer patients, meaning hazard ratio is close to 1 (HR ≈1); 2 biomarkers (BUB3 and RAD21) show that high-expression groups have higher chance of survival (HR <1); and the remaining 12 biomakers show that low-expression groups have higher chance of survival (HR >1). Here, RAD21 is linked to cancer.