STK11 and cancer: Indeed, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), the factor that stimulates the starvation-induced autophagy in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage, activates two distinct pathways: The activation of PARP-1 is responsible for the prosurvival impact of autophagy on cancer cells mediated via the liver kinase B1 (LKB1)/AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK)/mTOR pathway, but the overactivation of PARP-1 promotes ATP depletion and necrotic cell death [58].