In brief, MDSCs suppress anti-tumor immunity through multiple mechanisms, including (i) the release of factors able to stimulate Treg activation and differentiation; (ii) the blockade of migration of naïve-T cells to lymphoid organs and the formation of effector T cells; (iii) production of high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), up-regulating arginase 1 (ARG-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase/ nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (iNOS/NOD2). This evidence concerns the gene NOD2 and neoplasm.