TNF and infection: In Fig 4, the simulated time courses of pneumococcal population in BAL and blood, neutrophils and inflammatory macrophages in BAL, TNF-α, IL-6, CCL2, IL-10, CXCL1 and CXCL5 in BALF, barrier function, and the histologic score after infection with 5 ⋅ 106Streptococcus pneumoniae without treatment are presented and compared with corresponding data.