Considering that there is plenty of overlap pertaining to the pathophysiological mechanisms of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke, we boldly proposed that the PACAP treatments will attenuate both types of stroke by exerting the following neuroprotective effects: anti-apoptosis [43], anti-inflammation [46], anti-oxidative stress [100], anti-excitotoxicity [101], ionic equilibrium maintenance [102], and vascular protection [103] (Fig. 2). Here, ADCYAP1 is linked to ischemic stroke.